For most taxpayers, the first few months of the year can seem to involve a seemingly unending series of bills and payment deadlines. During January and February, many Canadians are still trying to pay off the bills from holiday spending. The first income tax instalment payment of 2025 is due on March 17, and the need to pay any tax balance for the 2024 tax year comes just six weeks after that, on April 30. Added to all of that, the deadline for making an RRSP contribution for 2024 falls on March 3, 2025.
If there is one invariable “rule” of financial and retirement planning of which most Canadians are aware, it is the unquestioned wisdom of making regular contributions to one’s registered retirement savings plan (RRSP). And it is true that for several decades the RRSP was the only tax-sheltered savings and investment vehicle available to most individual Canadians.
In 2009, however, that changed with the introduction of tax-free savings accounts (TFSAs). In 2023, yet another variable was added to that decision-making process with the introduction of the first home savings account (FHSA), which provides Canadians with the ability to save toward the purchase of a home on a tax-assisted basis.
There’s nothing wrong, and a lot right, with making the maximum allowable contribution to each of a TFSA, an RRSP, and an FHSA annually. However, doing all that assumes the availability of a level of discretionary income that just isn’t the financial reality in which most Canadians live and plan. In addition, there are circumstances in which making a contribution to one type of plan or the other is clearly the better choice – and sometimes the only choice. Some of those circumstances are as follows.
- For Canadians over the age of 71, there is no real choice. All individual Canadians must collapse their RRSPs by the end of the year in which they turn 71, and no RRSP contributions can be made after that time. Practically speaking, a TFSA is the only tax-sheltered savings vehicle to which taxpayers over age 71 can contribute. (While contributions to an FHSA can be made by taxpayers of any age, an FHSA is of benefit to individuals who are planning for the purchase of a first home – not a fact situation which applies to most Canadians over the age of 71). Many taxpayers over the age of 71, however, have transferred their RRSP savings to a registered retirement income fund (RRIF) and are required to withdraw a specified percentage of funds from that RRIF each year. For taxpayers who are in the fortunate position of having such income in excess of current cash flow needs, that excess can be contributed to a TFSA. While the RRIF withdrawals must still be included in income and taxed in the year of withdrawal, transferring the funds to a TFSA will allow them to continue compounding free of tax and no additional tax will be payable when and if the funds are withdrawn. And, unlike RRIF or RRSP withdrawals, monies withdrawn in the future from a TFSA will not affect the planholder’s eligibility for Old Age Security benefits or for the federal age credit.
- The minority of working taxpayers who are members of registered pension plans (RPPs) will also likely find saving through a TFSA or FHSA the better, or even the only, option. The maximum current year contribution which can be made to an RRSP in a given year is generally 18% of the previous year’s income, to a specified dollar amount ceiling. However, any allowable contribution is reduced, for members of RPPs, by the amount of benefits accrued during the year under their pension plan. Where the RPP is a particularly generous one, RRSP contribution room may be minimal, or even non-existent, and a TFSA or FHSA contribution the logical alternative.
- Where savings are being put aside for an expenditure that is likely to be made in the next five years (like a new car, a wedding, or a “bucket list” vacation), and that savings goal is something other than home ownership, saving through a TFSA is almost certainly the better option. Taxpayers in that situation are sometimes tempted to make an RRSP contribution instead, in order to get a tax refund, and then to withdraw the funds when the planned expenditure is to be made. However, while choosing that option will provide a deduction on this year’s return and probably generate a tax refund, tax will still have to be paid when the funds are withdrawn from the RRSP a year or two later (when income, and possibly the tax hit on the withdrawal, might be higher). And, more significantly from a long-term point of view, using an RRSP in this way will eventually erode one’s ability to save for retirement, as RRSP contributions which are withdrawn from the plan cannot be replaced. While the amounts involved may seem small, the loss of compounding on even a relatively small amount over 25 or 30 years can make a significant dent in one’s ability to save for retirement.
The greatest tax benefit of contributing to an RRSP is realized when contributions are made when income (and therefore tax payable) is high, and the intention is to withdraw those funds when both income and the rate of tax payable on that income are lower. Where that’s not the case, saving through a TFSA can make more sense, as in the following situations.
- Taxpayers who are expecting their income to rise significantly within a few years – for example, students in post-secondary or professional education or training programs – can save some tax by contributing to a TFSA while they are in school and their income (and therefore their tax rate) is low, allow the funds to compound on a tax-free basis, and then withdraw the funds tax-free once they’re working, when their tax rate will be higher. At that time, the withdrawn funds can be used to make an RRSP contribution, which will be deducted against income which would be taxed at the much higher rate, generating a tax savings. And, if a need for funds should arise in the meantime, a tax-free TFSA withdrawal can always be made.
- Lower income taxpayers, for whom there isn’t likely to be a great difference between pre- and post-retirement income, are likely better off saving through a TFSA. That’s especially the case where those taxpayers may be eligible in retirement for means-tested government benefits like the Guaranteed Income Supplement, or tax credits like the GST/HST credit or age credit. Withdrawals made from an RRSP or RRIF during retirement will be included in income for purposes of determining eligibility for such benefits or credits, and lower-income taxpayers could find that such withdrawals have pushed their income to a level which reduces or eliminates their eligibility. On the other hand, monies withdrawn from a TFSA are not included in income for the purpose of determining eligibility for any government benefits or tax credits, so saving through a TFSA will ensure that receipt of such benefits is not put at risk.
- For taxpayers who are saving toward the purchase of a first home, the FHSA is clearly the best choice. Contributions made to an FHSA are deductible from income, investment income of any kind earned by contributed funds is not taxed as earned, and where original contributions and investment gains are withdrawn, no tax is payable where the amounts withdrawn are used to purchase a first home. The result is a permanent tax savings that can’t be achieved through contributing to either an RRSP or a TFSA.
Taxpayers who are contemplating making a contribution to any of these tax-assisted plans must also keep in mind that each such type of plan has its own contribution deadline. A contribution to an TFSA can be made at any time of the year. Contributions to an RRSP must, in order to be deducted on the return for 2024, be made on or before Monday March 3, 2025. And, finally, contributions to an FHSA must be made by the end of the calendar year in order to be claimed as a tax deduction on the return for that year. In other words, in order to deduct a contribution made to an FHSA on the return for the 2024 tax year, that contribution must have been made on or before December 31, 2024. Any FHSA contribution made now would be deductible on the return for 2025.
Before making a contribution to any of the tax-deferred or tax-saving plans, it is of course necessary to determine what one’s available contribution room is for each such plan. It’s not an easy calculation, as determining available contribution room for a particular plan for an individual means determining the applicable statutory limits (which may differ, depending on income), the effect of any previous contributions or withdrawals made, and the timing of those contributions or withdrawals. Fortunately, the Canada Revenue Agency keeps track of all of those figures for each Canadian taxpayer. That information is available online at https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/e-services/cra-login-services.html for taxpayers who have registered for the CRA’s My Account Service. Those who prefer to deal with the Agency by telephone can call the CRA’s automated service line at 1-800-267-6999 to receive information about their current year RRSP or TFSA contribution limit.
As is the case with most tax and financial planning questions, there isn’t a universal right or wrong answer when it comes to decisions on contributing to a TFSA and/or an RRSP and/or an FHSA. What is certain, however, is that the best choice for any individual is the one which takes account of their particular tax and financial realities and prospects – both current and future.
The information presented is only of a general nature, may omit many details and special rules, is current only as of its published date, and accordingly cannot be regarded as legal or tax advice. Please contact our office for more information on this subject and how it pertains to your specific tax or financial situation.
